Abdominal Vasculature
Abdominal Vasculature I. ABDOMINAL AORTA A. Anatomy (Fig. 2.1) 1. Abdominal aorta extends from the twelfth thoracic vertebra to the fourth lumbar vertebra. 2. Portions of the Abdominal Aorta (Fig….
Test Validation and Statistics
Test Validation and Statistics I. THE GOLD STANDARD This is the reference test that is assumed to be “the truth.” It is important to determine validity of noninvasive studies by…
Peripheral Arterial Systems
Peripheral Arterial Systems I. LOWER EXTREMITY ARTERIES A. Anatomy (Fig. 3.1) 1. The common iliac arteries divide into the external and internal (hypogastric) iliac arteries at the level of the…
Blood Vessels: Anatomy and Physiology
Blood Vessels: Anatomy and Physiology I. ANATOMY OF BLOOD VESSELS A. Three Layers (Tunicae) of Blood Vessels (Fig. 1.1) 1. Tunica interna or intima. This is the innermost layer and…
Superior Sulcus Tumor
Superior Sulcus Tumor Presentation A 65-year-old woman is referred to you with symptoms of cough and upper chest and shoulder pain. She denies fever, weight loss, and hemoptysis. She reports…
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation Presentation A 22-year-old woman is admitted through the emergency department with an episode of severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The patient has a known history of cavernous…
Pancoast’s Tumor
Pancoast’s Tumor Presentation A 59-year-old man is referred to your office with right shoulder pain. Past medical history is significant for dyspnea on moderate exertion (two flights of stairs) and…
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Presentation A 40-year-old man with no significant past medical history is referred by a primary medical physician for evaluation of an abnormal chest x-ray finding. The patient reports…
