Hypoplastic Left Heart
Chapter 31 Hypoplastic Left Heart In 1952, Lev1 called attention to congenital hypoplasia of major components of the left side of the heart. In 1958, Noonan and Nadas2 referred to…
Congenital Anomalies of Vena Caval Connection
Chapter 29 Congenital Anomalies of Vena Caval Connection Anomalous vena caval connections comprise a wide range of malformations that vary from minor to major and that occur in isolation or…
Congenital Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula
Chapter 30 Congenital Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula In 1897, the British Medical Journal published a necropsy description of congenital pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae,1 and four decades later, the anomaly was recognized in…
Normal or Innocent Murmurs
Chapter 2 Normal or Innocent Murmurs Murmurs that occur in the absence of either morphologic or physiologic abnormalities of the heart or circulation have been called normal, innocent, functional, physiologic,…
Congenital Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation
Chapter 12 Congenital Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation William Osler1 described pulmonary regurgitation in The Principles and Practice of Medicine (1892): “This rare affection is occasionally due to a congenital malformation, particularly…
Isolated Congenital Complete Heart Block
Chapter 4 Isolated Congenital Complete Heart Block Congenital complete atrioventricular block was recognized in 1901 when Morquio1 described familial recurrence with Stokes-Adams attacks and death in childhood. In 1908, van…
Endocardial Fibroelastosis
Chapter 10 Endocardial Fibroelastosis Endocardial fibroelastosis, a self-defining term introduced in 1943,1 is characterized by an opaque, pearly-white thickening that results from proliferation of collagen and elastic fibers (Figure 10-1).2,3…
Congenital Abnormalities of the Pericardium
Chapter 5 Congenital Abnormalities of the Pericardium The pericardium (peri, around; cardium, heart) consists of two layers with nerves, lymphatics and a blood supply. The layer attached to the surface…
Introduction: Formulation of the Problem
Chapter 1 Introduction Formulation of the Problem “The heart is the youngest, most diverse, most fluid, most changeable, most versatile part of creation.” Goethe1 Congenital heart disease (con, together; genitus,…
Coronary Artery Disease Evaluation Using Cardiac CTA
, Alan Vainrib2, Rajesh Gupta3 and Michael Poon1 (1) Department of Medicine and Radiology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA (2) Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, 100 Nicolls road,…
