Esophageal Ultrasound
Fig. 19.1 Linear EUS-FNA scope (Hitachi-Pentax FG 34 UX) with a convex linear array ultrasound transducer, sheet, and 22-gauge needle Esophageal ultrasound is performed in fasting patients lying in a…
Autofluorescence Bronchoscopy and Narrow Band Imaging
Fig. 21.1 Principles of autofluorescence: green fluorescence is emitted by normal bronchial tissue when excited by blue light, cancer shows decreased green fluorescence due to increased epithelial thickness and vascularity…
Management Principles of Empyema
Class 1 Nonsignificant Small < 10 mm thick on decubitus CXR No thoracentesis needed Class 2 Typical parapneumonic > 10 mm thick Glucose > 40 mg/dl, pH > 7.20 LDH…
Confocal Imaging
Fig. 22.1 Principle of confocal microscopy using point illumination and pinhole detection Confocal microscopy that was initially used in gastroenterology utilized a miniaturized scan head located on the distal end…
Photodynamic Therapy
Fig. 37.1 Chemical structure of porfimer sodium (a) Meso-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) is a highly active photosensitizer that requires a very low drug dose and is activated by light of wavelength of…
Radiation Therapy and Techniques for Fiducial Placement
Fig. 39.1 Generic margin expansion to accommodate microscopic tumor extension beyond the radiographic borders of the tumor, errors that occur in daily patient positioning, and tumor movement secondary to respiratory…
Resection and Reconstruction of Central Airways
Fig. 47.1 (a) Weblike postintubation stenosis with preserved cartilage. Laser resection may be successful; however, recurrence is likely to occur; (b) hourglass-like postintubation stenosis with destruction of all layers. Segmental…
Laryngoscopy
Fig. 13.1 View of the larynx as provided by the 70 ° rigid scope Before the procedure, local anesthesia with tetracaine (Pontocaine) 2% or lidocaine 4% with addition of Adrenalin…
Y-Stenting Techniques
Fig. 30.1 (a) Dumon Y-Stent. (b) Dumon Y-Stent in the obstructed central airways Y-Shaped Hybrid Stents The Dynamic Y-Stent is an anatomically shaped bifurcation stent with an anterolateral silicone wall…
Linear Endobronchial Ultrasound
Fig. 18.1 Tip of the new convex probe endobronchial ultrasound (CP-EBUS, BF-UC160F-OL8, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The outer diameter of the insertion tube of the flexible bronchoscope is 6.2 mm. CP-EBUS…
