12 Chest Pain
10.1055/b-0035-121507 12 Chest Pain 12.1 Basics Epidemiology Patients who present with chest pain are more often children and adolescents between the ages of 12 and 14 years. Boys and girls…
11 Cardiac Murmurs
10.1055/b-0035-121506 11 Cardiac Murmurs A murmur can often be the most significant leading symptom of a congenital or acquired heart defect, but cardiac murmurs are also a harmless phenomenon in…
10 Cyanosis
10.1055/b-0035-121505 10 Cyanosis 10.1 Definition Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. It occurs when the hemoglobin is not adequately saturated with oxygen. Cyanosis becomes clinically…
4 Chest X-ray
10.1055/b-0035-121499 4 Chest X-ray 4.1 Basics Despite the availability of modern imaging methods, the chest X-ray remains an essential component of diagnostic measures in pediatric cardiology. An X-ray image provides…
2 Electrocardiography
10.1055/b-0035-121497 2 Electrocardiography 2.1 Basics The “ECG” is one of the basic diagnostic tests in pediatric cardiology. The standard electrocardiogram (ECG) in childhood includes 12 leads: Bipolar limb leads (Einthoven…
1 Clinical History and Examination in Pediatric Cardiology
10.1055/b-0035-121496 1 Clinical History and Examination in Pediatric Cardiology 1.1 Basics Every pediatric cardiology evaluation starts with a thorough medical history and clinical examination. Because of the increasing number of…
7 Pediatric Exercise Testing
10.1055/b-0035-121502 7 Pediatric Exercise Testing 7.1 Exercise Test 7.1.1 Indications and Contraindications Indications Exercise tests in childhood are used primarily for detecting and evaluating cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial ischemia as…
9 Electrophysiology Studies
10.1055/b-0035-121504 9 Electrophysiology Studies 9.1 Basics An electrophysiological examination study (EPS) is an invasive procedure in which intracardiac potentials are recorded using catheter electrodes. The electrodes are inserted into the…
6 Nuclear Medicine in Pediatric Cardiology
10.1055/b-0035-121501 6 Nuclear Medicine in Pediatric Cardiology 6.1 Basics In nuclear medical examinations, radionuclides are introduced into human metabolism. Radionuclides are nucleotides that emit radioactive energy and undergo spontaneous transformation…
