■ Several anatomic anomalies are relevant to the surgeon, as they predispose patients to the development of TOS. ■ The most common is a cervical rib, and a preoperative chest radiograph is…
■ For thoracoabdominal exposure, the patient is placed in the right lateral decubitus position using a beanbag and axillary role for support. The left arm is protected with adequate padding and…
Exposure of Carotid Artery ■ In the medial aspect of the wound, the lateral border of the internal jugular vein is identified and sharply defined. The vein is retracted posteriorly and…
■ Arterial blood pressure monitoring is necessary for optimal anesthetic management. Bladder catheterization is performed if the procedure is expected to extend beyond 2 hours. If endarterectomy is performed with regional…
■ An arterial phase CT angiogram should evaluate the entire length of the aorta, from the level of the skull base proximally to the femoral heads distally, to ensure visualization of…
■ Evaluation of patients with posterior circulation ischemia requires defining the precise circumstances that elicit symptoms. Vertigo, instability, and occasional loss of consciousness often accompany positional changes and standing in older…
