Clinical Exercise Testing

Jul 21, 2019 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Clinical Exercise Testing

Introduction Sustained exercise requires tight integration of multiple physiologic systems including the cardiac, neuromuscular, and respiratory systems. Diseases affecting any of these systems can manifest as dyspnea or exercise limitation….

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Mediastinal Tumors and Cysts

Jul 21, 2019 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Mediastinal Tumors and Cysts

Introduction The mediastinum is the region in the chest between the pleural cavities that contains the heart and other thoracic viscera, except the lungs. Interest in the mediastinum as a…

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Benign Lung Tumors

Jul 21, 2019 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Benign Lung Tumors

Introduction Although in practice the terms “tumor” and “neoplasm” tend to be used interchangeably, there is an important and substantial difference between them. A “tumor” need not be a neoplasm…

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Pulmonary Vascular Abnormalities

Jul 21, 2019 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Pulmonary Vascular Abnormalities

Introduction Pulmonary vascular abnormalities are seen in a variety of acquired and congenital conditions. These structural defects include vascular communications that either are confined to the pulmonary circulation, as is…

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Opportunistic Mycoses

Jul 21, 2019 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Opportunistic Mycoses

Introduction The epidemiology of opportunistic mycoses is evolving. In certain populations, the frequency of opportunistic mycoses is increasing due to use of immune-modulating therapies, a higher frequency of invasive procedures…

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Pneumoconioses

Jul 21, 2019 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Pneumoconioses

Introduction Definitions The Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety of the International Labour Organization (ILO) defines pneumoconiosis as “the accumulation of dust in the lungs and the tissue reactions to…

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Acid-Base Balance

Jul 21, 2019 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Acid-Base Balance

Fundamental Concepts As pulmonary physicians have become increasingly involved in the care of critically ill patients, a thorough understanding of acid-base metabolism has become indispensable. Regulation of arterial pH is…

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Eosinophilic Lung Diseases

Jul 21, 2019 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Eosinophilic Lung Diseases

Introduction The eosinophilic lung diseases are a group of disorders ( Table 68-1 ) characterized by the presence and presumed pathogenetic role of eosinophils in the disease processes. They are…

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High Altitude

Jul 21, 2019 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on High Altitude

Introduction Nearly 100 million people live at altitudes greater than 2500 m, primarily in the Rocky Mountains of North America, the Andes Mountains of South America, the Ethiopian Highlands of East…

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