Thoracic Key

10.1055/b-0035-121503 8 Cardiac Catheterization 8.1 Basics Today, only very few purely diagnostic cardiac catheterizations are performed, as the anatomical situation for most heart defects can be visualized very precisely using…

10.1055/b-0035-121498 3 Echocardiography 3.1 Transthoracic Echocardiography 3.1.1 Basics Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography is the most important noninvasive imaging procedure in pediatric cardiology. It provides cross-sectional images of the heart and great…

10.1055/b-0035-121499 4 Chest X-ray 4.1 Basics Despite the availability of modern imaging methods, the chest X-ray remains an essential component of diagnostic measures in pediatric cardiology. An X-ray image provides…

10.1055/b-0035-121497 2 Electrocardiography 2.1 Basics The “ECG” is one of the basic diagnostic tests in pediatric cardiology. The standard electrocardiogram (ECG) in childhood includes 12 leads: Bipolar limb leads (Einthoven…

10.1055/b-0035-121496 1 Clinical History and Examination in Pediatric Cardiology 1.1 Basics Every pediatric cardiology evaluation starts with a thorough medical history and clinical examination. Because of the increasing number of…

10.1055/b-0035-121502 7 Pediatric Exercise Testing 7.1 Exercise Test 7.1.1 Indications and Contraindications Indications Exercise tests in childhood are used primarily for detecting and evaluating cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial ischemia as…

10.1055/b-0035-121504 9 Electrophysiology Studies 9.1 Basics An electrophysiological examination study (EPS) is an invasive procedure in which intracardiac potentials are recorded using catheter electrodes. The electrodes are inserted into the…