Mediastinal Parathyroids
Mediastinal Parathyroids Thomas W. Shields The two pairs of parathyroid glands derive from the endoderm of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches bilaterally (Fig. 163-1). Hamilton and Mossman9 have presented…
The Thymus
The Thymus Thomas W. Shields Embryology The thymus in humans primarily arises from the third pharyngeal pouches (thymus III). Thymic tissue may also arise from the fourth pharyngeal pouches (thymus…
The Mediastinum, Its Compartments, and the Mediastinal Lymph Nodes
The Mediastinum, Its Compartments, and the Mediastinal Lymph Nodes Thomas W. Shields The mediastinum is defined as the thoracic space that lies between the two pleural cavities. It extends from…
Less Common Malignant Tumors of the Esophagus
Less Common Malignant Tumors of the Esophagus Amit Goldberg The less common malignant tumors of the esophagus share the same common clinical behavior and pathophysiologic features of typical epidermoid carcinoma…
Surgical Palliation of Inoperable Carcinoma of the Esophagus
Surgical Palliation of Inoperable Carcinoma of the Esophagus Abbas Abbas Carolyn E. Reed According to the National Cancer Institute, the estimated number of new cases of esophageal cancer in the…
Carcinoma of the Esophagus
Carcinoma of the Esophagus Jasmine Huang Mohammad Bashir Mark D. Iannettoni The rapid growth in the incidence if esophageal cancer has resulted from many factors, such as increasing obesity and…
Multimodality Therapy for Esophageal Cancer
Multimodality Therapy for Esophageal Cancer Geoffrey Y. Ku David H. Ilson In the United States, esophageal cancer is a relatively uncommon malignancy. In 2007, there were an estimated 15,560 new…
Editors’ Note on Revision of the Staging System for Esophageal Cancer
Editors’ Note on Revision of the Staging System for Esophageal Cancer Joseph LoCicero III MD Carolyn E. Reed MD Richard H. Feins MD Thomas W. Shields MD At the time…
Benign Tumors, Cysts, and Duplications of the Esophagus
Benign Tumors, Cysts, and Duplications of the Esophagus Matthew A. Facktor Mark R. Katlic Benign esophageal tumors and cysts represent a collectively uncommon set of disease entities that do not…
Esophageal Diverticula
Esophageal Diverticula Stephen D. Cassivi Francis C. Nichols Claude Deschamps Esophageal diverticula are acquired conditions of the esophagus occurring almost exclusively in adults. An esophageal diverticulum is an epithelium-lined blind…
