Figure 7–1. (a) Phases of a cardiac action potential and ion channel currents. (b) blocking effects of Lidocaine and Quinidine on action potential duration A number of classification systems of…
Figure 4–1. (a) Diagram illustrating the topography of the specialised conduction system (red) of the heart; (b) view of the right atrium: the sinus node is located at the root…
ST segment abnormalities in leads V1–V3 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 J-point ≥2 mm ≥2 mm ≥2 mm T-wave Negative or isoelectric Positive or biphasic Positive ST-T configuration…
Figure 20–1. Potential mechanisms of fibrillation. Fibrillation may be initiated by a rapidly discharging, spontaneously active, ectopic focus (a), a single high frequency rotor (b) or by multiple functional reentrant…
Figure 25–1. (a) Electrocardiographic (top) and vectorcardiographic (bottom) representation of a long-term CM development in a chronic canine model. Leads I, aVF, and frontal plane VCG shown at baseline, during…
Figure 6–1. Classification of active cardiac arrhythmias Abnormal Impulse Formation Normal Automaticity Automaticity is the property of cardiac cells to generate spontaneous action potentials. Spontaneous activity is the result of…
Figure 34–1. Cardiac phenotype of PFHBI patients. (A) ECG from the large Afrikaner family. (a) Sinus rhythm with a RBBB in an 8-year-old asymptomatic boy on a standard 12-lead ECG,…
Figure 5–1. The interaction between neural triggers and cardiovascular substrate during autonomic activation [2]. Stimulation of beta1-adrenergic receptors can decrease electrical stability directly as a result of changes in second…
Figure 24–1. Panel a: Representation of an HCN channel subunit, four of which together form a functional channel generating If current. Shown are the six membrane spanning segments, the pore…
Figure 23–1. Differences between decompensated and compensated hypertrophy. (a) Evolvement of cardiac output over time in compensated (grey line) and decompensated (yellow and red lines) hypertrophy after an initiating event….
