Musculoskeletal Trauma
SKELETAL TRAUMA IN CHILDREN: OVERVIEW Print Section Listen The concepts of skeletal system injuries in children are quite different from those of adults. Children at different stages of development have…
Congenital Heart Disease
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Print Section Listen The Primitive Heart During the first 20 days of development, the human embryo has no cardiovascular structures. However, very rapid and intricate…
Trauma and Surgery of the Spine
CERVICAL SPINE TRAUMA Print Section Listen About half of vertebral fractures and substantial ligamentous injuries of the spine in children occur in the cervical region. However, serious cervical spine injuries…
Developmental Abnormalities of the Urinary System
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT Print Section Listen Kidneys and Ureters The initial phase of embryonic kidney development is the interaction between 2 tissues that are derived from the intermediate mesoderm: the metanephrogenic…
Dysostoses and Developmental Deformities
DEFORMITIES OF THE CLAVICLE AND SHOULDER Print Section Listen Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Clavicle Idiopathic congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle refers to the presence of a fibrous tissue-filled gap within…
The Male Genital System
THE SCROTUM Print Section Listen Normal Development and Anatomy Until the seventh week of gestation, the embryos of both sexes undergo identical development. During this time, genital ridges form on…
Urinary Tract Calcifications and Stones
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Calculus disease of the urinary tract encompasses calcifications and calculi of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Urolithiasis refers to the presence of stones within the…
