Congenital Heart Disease in Adults
Congenital Heart Disease in Adults Ian S. Harris, MDElyse Foster, MD General Considerations Congenital cardiac anomalies are the most common birth defects in humans, affecting approximately 0.8 in 100 live…
Connective Tissue Diseases & the Heart
Connective Tissue Diseases & the Heart Carlos A. Roldan, MD The connective tissue diseases are immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, primarily of the musculoskeletal system; however, they frequently also involve the cardiovascular…
Supraventricular Tachycardias
Supraventricular Tachycardias Byron K. Lee, MDPeter R. Kowey, MD ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS Heart rate greater than 100 bpm. Rhythm is supraventricular in origin. General Considerations Supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs)…
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms & Dissections
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms & Dissections John A. Elefteriades, MD ANEURYSMS ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS Ascending aortic diameter > 4 cm on imaging study. Descending aortic diameter > 3.5 cm on…
Endocrinology & the Heart
Endocrinology & the Heart Eveline Oestreicher Stock, MD Endocrinology involves the study of glands that secrete hormones into the circulation for effects at distant target sites. Classic endocrine glands include…
Conduction Disorders & Cardiac Pacing
Conduction Disorders & Cardiac Pacing Richard H. Hongo, MDNora F. Goldschlager, MD ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS Sinus node dysfunction (“sick sinus syndrome”) Sinus bradycardia: sinus rate of less than 60…
Pericardial Diseases
Pericardial Diseases Massimo Imazio, MD General Considerations A. Normal Pericardial Anatomy & Physiology The pericardium consists of two layers: a serous visceral layer, which is intimately adherent to the heart…
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral Stenosis D. Elizabeth Le, MD ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS Exertional dyspnea and fatigue. Opening snap, diastolic rumble murmur, loud S1, presystolic accentuated murmur. Right ventricular heave and loud P2…
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Karthik Ananthasubramaniam, MD ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS Note: Not all criteria are needed for diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Asymmetric hypertrophied nondilated ventricle with septal to posterior wall end-diastolic…
Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Hypertension Christopher F. Barnett, MD, MPHTeresa De Marco, MD ESSENTIALS OF DIAGNOSIS Pulmonary hypertension A loud pulmonic valve closure sound (P2), a right-sided S4, or a right ventricular…
