Fig. 1.1
The Dodrill-GMR heart pump (Dr Dodrill is in scrub cap and mask on the left. Used with permission from Dr. William S. Stoney. Adapted from Stoney WS. Historical perspectives in cardiology. Circulation 2009;119:2844–53)
Future Directions
As a medical specialty, pediatric cardiology and pediatric heart/congenital surgery have always required a team—pathologists, physiologists, cardiologists, surgeons, intensivists, interventionalists, and anesthesiologists—each playing a critical and pivotal role in the treatment of children with cardiac congenital disease. In the twenty-first century, geneticists, molecular biologists, and other basic scientists are contributing their innovative discoveries to this broad multidisciplinary team to ensure an exciting future for pediatric cardiology and the children yet to be born. The amalgamation of specialties with seeming divergent interests is now allowing the formation of “hybridized” environments where multidisciplinary teams create new procedures combining elements of traditional open-heart surgery with minimally invasive techniques. New techniques in DNA sequencing will allow early recognition of genetic disorders predisposing individuals to congenital cardiac disease. Minimally invasive techniques will continue to play a larger role in the repair of congenital lesions either in utero or post-delivery in the neonatal period. The traditional “operating room” of the twenty-first century will continue to evolve and transform into a complex array of medical and surgical specialists working alongside with basic scientists in a state-of-the-art environment to allow translational endeavors to flourish.