Chamber Dimensions

Normal

Mildly enlarged

Moderately enlarged

Severely enlarged

LVEDD (cm)

4.2–5.8

5.9–6.3

6.4–6.8

>6.8

LVEDD/BSA(cm/m²)

2.2–3.0

3.1–3.3

3.4–3.6

>3.6

LVESD (cm)

2.5–4.0

4.1–4.3

4.4–4.5

>4.5

LVESD/BSA (cm/m²)

1.3–2.1

2.2–2.3

2.4–2.5

>2.6

Septal/posterior wall thickness(cm)

0.6–1.0

1.1–1.3

1.4–1.6

≥1.6

Women

	Normal	Mildly enlarged	Moderately enlarged	Severely enlarged
LVEDD (cm)	3.8–5.2	5.3–5.6	5.7–6.1	>6.1
LVEDD/BSA(cm/m²)	2.3–3.1	3.2–3.4	3.5–3.7	>3.7
LVESD (cm)	2.2–3.5	3.6–3.8	3.9–4.1	>4.1
LVESD/BSA (cm/m²)	1.3–2.1	2.2–2.3	2.4–2.6	>2.6
Septal/posterior wall thickness(cm)	0.6–0.9	1.0–1.2	1.3–1.5	≥1.5

LV Function

linear dimension method (Fig. 3.1)

Figure 3.1
left panel: parasternal long axis view end-systole; right panel: parasternal long axis view end-diastole. LV internal dimensions (green line) are measured at mitral leaflet tips. The posterior wall (PW) and septal wall (SW) thickness are measured at end diastole. LA left atrium, LV left ventricle, RV right ventricle, Ao aorta
biplane method of disks (Fig. 3.2)

Figure 3.2
Biplane method of disks method of measuring LVEF. The left column shows end systolic apical four and two chamber views, respectively. The right column shows end diastolic apical and four chamber views

Left ventricular systolic function parameters [3]

	Normal	Mildly decreased	Moderately enlarged	Severely decreased
Ejection fraction (%)
Men	52–74	41–51	30–40	<30
Women	54–74	41–53	30–40	<30

Left Atrium

measure in end systole
exclude pulmonary veins and atrial appendage
measure anterior-posterior dimension from parasternal long axis view (Fig. 3.3)

Figure 3.3
Parasternal long axis view – measurement of anterior-posterior dimension of left atrium performed at end-systole. LA left atrium, LV left ventricle, RV right ventricle, Ao aorta
LA volume can be measured by area-length or biplane method of discs is recommended method

Area-Length Method (Fig. 3.4):

Figure 3.4

Apical four (left) and two chamber (right) views are used for left atrial volume calculation. LA left atrium, LV left ventricle, RV right ventricle, RA right atrium

${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{LA}}=8/3\pi \cdot {\mathrm{A}}_1\cdot {\mathrm{A}}_2/\mathrm{L}$

where A1, A2 – areas of LA from 4 and 2 chamber views, L – length (choose a shorter vertical diameter (mid mitral annulus to superior axis of LA) between 4 and 2 chamber views).