Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children
Fig. 48.1 Polysomnography in severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Lines represent 60 s of sleep N2. Two obstructive events are shown (in red). Desaturations (in green) can be observed toward…
Uncategorized
Aspergillosis
Fig. 46.1 Clinical presentations of pulmonary aspergillosis. AF Aspergillus fumigatus, PDC chronic pulmonary disease, CF cystic fibrosis, ABPA allergic pulmonary aspergillosis Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis The greatest risk factors for invasive…
with Snoring
Type I SBD Type II SBD Type III SBD Adenotonsillar hypertrophy without obesity Obesity with mild-to-moderate adenotonsillar hypertrophy Neuromuscular diseases Down syndrome Arnold–Chiari malformation Cerebral palsy Craniofacial syndromes: Pierre Robin…
Arterial Oxygen Saturation
Transcutaneous Measurement of Oxygen Saturation Pulse oximeters do not measure oxygen concentrations in the plasma; rather, they measure the proportion of hemoglobin that carries oxygen molecules, which is termed oxygen…
Complications in Children with Neurological Diseases
Presentation Hypotonic infant Delayed psychomotor development Swallowing disorder Gait alteration, frequent falls Central neurological symptoms: epileptic seizures Lack of strength, fatigability Muscular pain, cramps Orthopedic alterations: clubfoot, equinus foot, pes cavus,…
with an Apparent Life-Threatening Event
Possible causes Symptoms and findings Suggested studies Gastrointestinal causes GERD Aspiration Vomiting Blockage or coughing with food pH metry Video swallow study Speech therapy assessment Respiratory causes Viral infection/pertussis Aspiration/foreign…
Non-invasive Ventilation
NIV indications (a) Patients with chronic respiratory failure and sleep-related hypoventilation syndromes with at least one criterion: Frequent SpO2 <90% in continuous 8-hour observation FVC <50%; PiMax <40…
Hospitalization Due to Chronic Respiratory Diseases
Clinic Social-ethic Hemodynamic stability during the past 2 weeks Stable ventilatory parameters for the past 3 weeks, with FiO2 lower than 0.4. Last arterial blood gasses without acidosis Permeable airway, mature tracheotomy…
Reflux and Respiratory Diseases
Study Usefulness Observations Esophageal pH-metry Evaluates the presence of acidic fluid Useful to evaluate anti-GER treatment Does not detect mildly acidic or non-acidic fluids Esophageal pH-metry multichannel intraluminal impedance Evaluates…
Clinical and Diagnosis Approach
Fig. 41.1 Inflammation physiopathology Physiopathology The main asthma mechanism is caused by the reduction of the caliber of the airway. Factors that may contribute to this are enlargement of the…
