Congenital  Laryngomalacia  Vocal cord paralysis  Congenital subglottic stenosis  Subglottic hemangioma  Congenital laryngeal web  Laryngal atresia  Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft  Tracheomalacia  Bronchomalacia  Congenital tracheal stenosis  Tracheal agenesis Acquired  Subglottic stenosis  Glottic stenosis  Tracheal…

Fig. 11.1 Foreign bodies in the airway of a 14-month-old patient with a history of penetration syndrome. Chest x-rays obtained on inspiration (a) and expiration (b) show greater transparency in the right…

Test Measured variables Physiopathological diagnosis Spirometry and flow/volume loop Forced flows and volumes: Expiratory: PEF, FVC, FEV0.5, FEV0.75, FEV1, FEV6, FEV1/FVC, FEF25, FEF50, FEF75, FEF25–50 Inspiratory: FIF50, FEF50/FIF50 Obstructive ventilatory…

Funnel chest Pigeon chest Aplasia or dysplasia Pectus excavatum Pectus carinatum Ectopia cordis   Cleft sternum   Poland’s syndrome   Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy Pectus Excavatum Pectus excavatum is the anterior depression of the…

  Newborn 1 year 7 years Adult Compliance (ml/cm H2O) 5 15 50 60–100 Resistance (cm H2O/l/s) 40 15 4 2 Fig. 67.1 Ventilation per minute and physiological dead space Lung compliance…

Pulmonary complications Extrapulmonary complications Suppurated pleuropulmonary complications Immunological/infectious complications  Necrotizing pneumonia  Pneumatocele, pyopneumatocele  Pulmonary abscess  Parapneumonic pleural effusion  Pleural empyema  Mechanical complications of suppurated pneumonias: Air escaping (pneumothorax and bronchopleural…

Indication Assessment of the airway  Suspicion of a foreign body  Malformation of the upper airway  Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome  Persistent/recurrent symptom (cough, stridor, wheezing)  Persistent/recurrent disease (atelectasis, pneumonia, etc.)  Follow-up…

  Bacterial Viral Mycoplasma Age Any Mainly less than 2 years old 3–15 years old Season Year-round Winter Spring Presentation Sudden Variable Insidious Fever High Variable Variable Tachypnea Common Common Infrequent Cough…

1. High airway obstruction Congenital Craniofacial dimorphism Paralysis of the vocal chords Subglottic hemangioma Subglottic membrane Upper subglottic or tracheal stenosis Pharyngeal collapse Severe laryngomalacia Acquired Secondary subglottic stenosis Severe…

Airway disease Asthma, cystic fibrosis, interstitial emphysema Postinfectious Pneumocystis jirovecii, tuberculosis, lung abscess, necrotizing pneumonia, HIV, parasites Connective tissue diseases Marfan syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus,…