Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Congenital Heart Disease Nils Patrick Nickel Richard A. Lange Christine Bui Anitra W. Romfh CLASSIFICATION OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Pulmonary hypertension (PH)…
Right-Sided Lesions Margaret M. Fuchs C. Charles Jain Heidi M. Connolly INTRODUCTION The normal right ventricle (RV) has three components: the inlet (including tricuspid valve, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles),…
Left-Sided Obstructive Lesions Lauren Andrade Yuli Y. Kim INTRODUCTION Left-sided obstructive lesions encompass a number of congenital heart defects affecting the mitral valve, left ventricular outflow tract, aortic valve, and…
Shunt Lesions Zachary L. Steinberg Mathias Possner Yonatan Buber INTRODUCTION Shunt lesions comprise a wide variety of anatomic abnormalities resulting in abnormal blood flow between cardiac chambers and great vessels….
Pharmacologic Therapy for Adult Congenital Heart Disease Dan G. Halpern Rebecca Pinnelas Frank Cecchin INTRODUCTION As survival of congenital heart disease patients continues to improve, the role of pharmacologic therapy…
Pregnancy and Reproductive Health in Adult Congenital Heart Disease Evan F. Shalen Abigail D. Khan INTRODUCTION Innovations in the treatment of congenital heart disease (CHD) have greatly improved survival, leading…
Evaluation of Suspected and Known Adult Congenital Heart Disease Andrew R. Pistner Anitra W. Romfh INTRODUCTION Epidemiology Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect. The prevalence of…
Anatomic and Physiologic Classification of Congenital Heart Disease David S. Majdalany Francois Marcotte INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATIONS Congenital heart diseases (CHD) comprise abnormalities in the cardiac anatomy that disrupt venous drainage,…
Cardiac Rehabilitation Tamara Beth Horwich Amir Behzad Rabbani James S. Lee Arash B. Nayeri INTRODUCTION Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is recognized as an essential component of the treatment and secondary prevention…
Hypertension Amal Abdellatif* Mohamed B. Elshazly* Parag H. Joshi John W. McEvoy * Joint First Authors (Contributed Equally) INTRODUCTION Epidemiology Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most common reasons for…
