Embryology and Etiology
In the human, an embryo may be defined as the developing organism from fertilization until the end of the second month of gestation, that is, from 0 to 60 days…
CARDIOLOGY
Morphologic Anatomy
An understanding of normal morphologic anatomy is basic to the accurate diagnosis of congenital heart disease. One of the diagnostic problems posed by complex congenital heart disease is that any…
Brief History of the Cardiovascular System
Who really discovered the circulation of the blood? Although much has been written, the correct answer to this fundamental question remains largely unknown. The early history of the development of…
Brief History of the Cardiovascular System
Who really discovered the circulation of the blood? Although much has been written, the correct answer to this fundamental question remains largely unknown. The early history of the development of…
Multidisciplinary service delivery for the endocarditis patient
Introduction Infective endocarditis (IE) is a morbid disease that requires meticulous clinical assessment and risk stratification in the early stages of illness [ ]. Outcomes are impacted by multiple factors:…
Surgery for aortic root abscess
Introduction Infective endocarditis can be associated with several clinical and anatomic complications. Among these is aortic root abscess. Aortic root abscess is defined by the presence of necrotic tissue in…
Complex multivalve operations for infective endocarditis
Introduction Infective endocarditis (IE) has remained stable over time, however, the type of IE and rate of surgical intervention has changed. Patients are now more elderly, rheumatic heart disease is…
Surgery for native aortic valve infective endocarditis
Introduction Heart valve infections are a quite uncommon pathology with an estimated annual incidence of 3–10 cases in 100,000 in a normal population. With a mortality standing between 15% and…
Future directions in infective endocarditis
Introduction The first descriptions of endocarditis appeared in the literature in the 1600s at a time when the anatomy and physiology of the heart was still incompletely characterized [ ]….
Surgery for native mitral valve endocarditis
Epidemiology Infective endocarditis of a native valve is relatively rare with the incidence reported as roughly 2–10 cases per 100,000 person-years by several sources [ , ]. However, the burden…
