5 Preoperative assessment in cardiothoracic surgery Mohammed Suliman and Roberto Mosca Introduction Recent advances in anaesthetic and surgical techniques, as well as continued improvements in perioperative care, have resulted in…
9 Valvular Heart Disease 9. 1 Aortic Stenosis 9. 1.1 Aortic Stenosis, General Fig. 9.1 Top: Calcified semilunar cusps in aortic stenosis. Bottom: Pressure overload causes concentric left ventricular hypertrophy….
7 M-Mode Echocardiography 7. 1 Principle of M-Mode Echocardiography Fig. 7.1 M-mode echocardiography provides unidimensional imaging of moving objects over time. Only the top point of the soccer ball is…
1 Imaging and Patient Position 1. 1 Transducer and Imaging Planes Fig. 1.1 Top: The phased-array transducers commonly used in echocardiography bear markings to indicate the scan plane. Bottom: The…
Chapter 13Ischemia and Necrosis Concept Myocardial ischemia is defined as the sudden decrease or even stop of the flow of oxygenated blood that in normal conditions perfuse the myocardial tissue….
Chapter 7Characteristics of the Normal Electrocardiogram: Normal ECGWaves and Intervals A systematic and sequential approach to ECG interpretation The interpretation of an ECG should be systematically approached in a sequential…
Chapter 20The ECG in Different Clinical Set of Ischemic Heart Disease Introduction From exercise angina to acute coronary syndrome, and myocardial infarction Myocardial ischemia can occur through two different pathophysiological…
Chapter 5The Electrophysiological Basis of the ECG: From Cell Electrophysiology to the Human ECG Types of cardiac cells: slow and fast response cells (Hoffman and Cranefield 1960) From an electrophysiological…
