Ebstein anomaly

Apr 21, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIAC SURGERY Comments Off on Ebstein anomaly

Definition Ebstein anomaly (EA) is a congenital cardiac malformation of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle (RV) that is characterized by incomplete delamination of the septal and inferior (posterior) tricuspid…

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Ventricular septal defect

Apr 21, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIAC SURGERY Comments Off on Ventricular septal defect

Section I: Primary ventricular septal defect Definition Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole or multiple holes in the interventricular septum. This chapter discusses VSDs that occur as the primary…

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Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries

Apr 21, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIAC SURGERY Comments Off on Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries

Introduction Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries represent a varied group of lesions. Taken together, they are seen in 1% to 5% of the population, depending on the method of…

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Atrioventricular septal defect

Apr 21, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIAC SURGERY Comments Off on Atrioventricular septal defect

Definition The defining feature of hearts with an atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) is the presence of a common atrioventricular junction that is guarded by a common atrioventricular valve with associated…

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Congenital and pediatric mitral valve disease

Apr 21, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIAC SURGERY Comments Off on Congenital and pediatric mitral valve disease

Section I: Congenital mitral valve disease in children Definition Congenital mitral valve disease is a developmental malformation of one or more of the components of the mitral valve apparatus. It…

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Aortopulmonary window

Apr 21, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIAC SURGERY Comments Off on Aortopulmonary window

Definition Aortopulmonary window (APW) is a congenital cardiovascular malformation in which there is side-to-side continuity of the lumens of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk in association with separate aortic…

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Heterotaxy

Apr 21, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIAC SURGERY Comments Off on Heterotaxy

Definitions Heterotaxy is an abnormality in which the internal thoraco-abdominal organs demonstrate abnormal internal arrangement across the left-right axis of the body. Heterotaxy is synonymous with “visceral heterotaxy” and “heterotaxy…

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Vascular rings and pulmonary artery sling

Apr 21, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIAC SURGERY Comments Off on Vascular rings and pulmonary artery sling

Section I: Vascular rings Definition A vascular ring is a congenital anomaly in which the aortic arch and its branches completely or incompletely encircle and compress the trachea, esophagus, or…

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Congenital sinus of valsalva aneurysm and aortico ventricular tunnel

Apr 21, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIAC SURGERY Comments Off on Congenital sinus of valsalva aneurysm and aortico ventricular tunnel

Section I: Sinus of valsalva aneurysms Definition Congenital sinus of Valsalva sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are thin-walled saccular or tubular outpouchings located between the aortic valve anulus and the sinutubular…

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Congenital heart surgery in low-resource settings

Apr 21, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIAC SURGERY Comments Off on Congenital heart surgery in low-resource settings

Introduction The unifying characteristics of congenital heart surgery in low-resource settings are restricted access to appropriate care that is often unavailable or unaffordable to the majority, a tendency toward late…

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