•Adverse local tissue interactions:   – Inflammation   – Toxicity   – Carcinogenic response   – Calcification   – Embolization or lymphatic spread of material fragments •Induced device migrations: encapsulation or foreign body response •Inappropriate…

Acyanotic  • Left-to-right shunts Atrial septal defects Ventricular septal defects Atrioventricular septal defects Aortopulmonary window  • Left-sided obstructive lesions Aortic coarctation Congenital aortic stenosis Interrupted aortic arch  Cyanotic  • Right-to-left…

  Minimal sedation (anxiolysis) Moderate sedation/analgesia (“conscious sedation”) Deep sedation/analgesia General anesthesia Responsiveness Normal response to verbal stimulation Purposeful response to verbal or tactile stimulation Purposeful response following repeated or…

• Tobacco use • Dyslipidemia • Overweight (body mass index > 25 kg/m2) • Diabetes mellitus • Age (>45 years for men; >55 years for women) • Physical inactivity • Family history…

Fig. 11.1 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation . This is a portable bedside cardiopulmonary bypass circuit, consisting of a pump head and oxygenator, with standard pressure and bubble monitoring alarms. The system…

Keyword Number of patent applications 2015 2008 2004 Cardiac 93,942 46,946 18,920 Cardiac surgery 5,404 2331 1015 Cardiology 14,798 3961 1480 Cardiac electrophysiology 869 213 79 Cardiovascular stents 313 137…

Fig. 43.1 Timeline of medical device development ©2013 Heart Valves: From Design to Clinical Implantation, Clinical trial requirements for cardiac valves, Iaizzo JC, Lovas ATF. With kind permission of Springer…

Fig. 2.1 Illustration showing the anatomic position. Regardless of the position of the body or organ upon examination, the anatomy of an organ or the whole should be described as…

Fig. 9.1 Posterior view of the pericardial sac, with the anterior surface and heart cut away. One can see that the great vessels of the heart penetrate through the pericardium,…