Anatomic and Physiologic Classification of Congenital Heart Disease David S. Majdalany Francois Marcotte INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATIONS Congenital heart diseases (CHD) comprise abnormalities in the cardiac anatomy that disrupt venous drainage,…
Cardiac Rehabilitation Tamara Beth Horwich Amir Behzad Rabbani James S. Lee Arash B. Nayeri INTRODUCTION Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is recognized as an essential component of the treatment and secondary prevention…
Hypertension Amal Abdellatif* Mohamed B. Elshazly* Parag H. Joshi John W. McEvoy * Joint First Authors (Contributed Equally) INTRODUCTION Epidemiology Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most common reasons for…
Lipid Disorders Bibin Varghese Renato Quispe Seth S. Martin INTRODUCTION Lipid disorders play a critical role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), including coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke,…
Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Medicine Cara Reiter-Brennan Omar Dzaye Michael J. Blaha INTRODUCTION Epidemiology In the United States, an estimated one-third of the population will develop type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…
Lifestyle Implementation for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Focus on Smoking Cessation, Diet, and Physical Activity Oluwaseun E. Fashanu Gowtham R. Grandhi Erin D. Michos INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the…
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment in Clinical Practice Miguel Cainzos-Achirica Karan Kapoor Tanuja Rajan Roger S. Blumenthal INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and…
Chest Wall Infections Following Open Heart Surgery Michael A. Wait INTRODUCTION Epidemiology The majority of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and valvular repair or replacement operations are performed through a…
Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis Marcio Sommer Bittencourt Giuliano Generoso Raul D. Santos INTRODUCTION Atherosclerosis, a term proposed by Marchand in 19041 as an update from arteriosclerosis used by Lobstein in 1829,2…
Surgical Approaches for Common Congenital Heart Diseases Timothy J. Pirolli Ryan R. Davies Camille L. Hancock Friesen Robert D. B. Jaquiss INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Congenital malformations of the cardiovascular system…
