Congenital Heart Disease
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Print Section Listen The Primitive Heart During the first 20 days of development, the human embryo has no cardiovascular structures. However, very rapid and intricate…
Trauma and Surgery of the Spine
CERVICAL SPINE TRAUMA Print Section Listen About half of vertebral fractures and substantial ligamentous injuries of the spine in children occur in the cervical region. However, serious cervical spine injuries…
Developmental Abnormalities of the Urinary System
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT Print Section Listen Kidneys and Ureters The initial phase of embryonic kidney development is the interaction between 2 tissues that are derived from the intermediate mesoderm: the metanephrogenic…
Dysostoses and Developmental Deformities
DEFORMITIES OF THE CLAVICLE AND SHOULDER Print Section Listen Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Clavicle Idiopathic congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle refers to the presence of a fibrous tissue-filled gap within…
Desaturation and Cyanosis in the Newborn Infant without Congenital Heart Disease*
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The physical signs of cyanosis and decreased oxygen saturation are usually the result of hypoxemia, and can be found in newborn infants with a variety of…
Suspecting Congenital Heart Disease*
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Although prenatal detection of congenital heart defects (CHDs) is attempted during routine fetal ultrasonography, it is estimated that, at present, only 36% of CHDs are detected…
The Male Genital System
THE SCROTUM Print Section Listen Normal Development and Anatomy Until the seventh week of gestation, the embryos of both sexes undergo identical development. During this time, genital ridges form on…
Overview of Fetal Echocardiography*
PRENATAL DETECTION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Print Section Listen Current Status Most infants born with serious congenital heart disease undergo rapid evaluation and life-saving treatment. Most fetuses with significant cardiac…
Urinary Tract Calcifications and Stones
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Calculus disease of the urinary tract encompasses calcifications and calculi of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Urolithiasis refers to the presence of stones within the…
Application of Pulsed Wave and Continuous-Wave Doppler in the Assessment and Measurement of Cardiac and Systemic Blood Flow*
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The measurement of blood flow through any vascular structure using ultrasound requires two basic pieces of information: the velocity of blood flow and the cross-sectional area…
