Abstract Invasive electrophysiological (EP) testing involves recording a portion of cardiac electrical activity and programmed cardiac electrical stimulation via multipolar catheter electrodes positioned percutaneously strategically at various locations within the…
Abstract Atrioventricular (AV) block can be defined as a delay or interruption in the transmission of an impulse from the atria to the ventricles caused by an anatomical or functional…
Abstract Radiofrequency (RF) is the most frequently used mode of ablation energy for most atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. A major limitation of standard RF ablation is the relatively small depth…
Abstract Automaticity is the property of cardiac cells to initiate an impulse spontaneously, without need for prior stimulation. Triggered activity is impulse initiation in cardiac fibers caused by depolarizing oscillations…
Abstract Sinus node dysfunction (SND) refers to a wide range of abnormalities involving sinus node impulse generation and propagation, leading to the inability of the sinus node to generate heart…
Abstract Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that regulate the flow of ions passively down their electrochemical gradient across the membrane. Ion channels are present on all membranes of cells…
Abstract Cardiomyocytes maintain a difference in the concentration of ions across their membranes, resulting in a difference in the electrical charge (i.e., voltage difference) across the cell membrane, called the…
Abstract A detailed understanding of the anatomy of the atrial septum and its relationship with critical structures such as the aortic root and the posterior atrial wall is crucial to…
Abstract Idiopathic ventricular tachycardias (VTs) usually occur in specific locations and have specific QRS morphologies. The most common idiopathic VT is VT from the outflow tract of the right ventricle…
Abstract Ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the setting of structural heart disease, whether ischemic or nonischemic in etiology, is usually caused by reentry caused by the presence of scar. Catheter ablation…
