Cardiac Tumors
Prevalence Cardiac tumors in the pediatric age group are extremely rare. A primary cardiac tumor was diagnosed in 0.001% to 0.003% of admissions at large children’s referral centers. The male-to-female…
Valvular Heart Disease
Valvular heart diseases are either congenital or acquired in origin. The pathophysiology and clinical manifestations are similar for both entities and are discussed in Chapter 10 , Pathophysiology of Obstructive…
Primary Myocardial Disease
Cardiomyopathies are structural or functional abnormalities of the myocardium not secondary to congenital, valvular, hypertensive, pulmonary, or coronary heart diseases. Cardiomyopathy has been classified into three types based on anatomic…
Acute Rheumatic Fever
Prevalence Acute rheumatic fever is relatively uncommon in the United States but is a common cause of heart disease in less developed countries. However, in the past few decades, new…
Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions
This chapter discusses common left-to-right shunt lesions such as atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), endocardial cushion defect (ECD), and partial anomalous pulmonary venous…
Obstructive Lesions
Lesions that produce obstruction to ventricular outflow such as pulmonary stenosis (PS), aortic stenosis (AS), and coarctation of the aorta (COA) are discussed in this chapter. Pulmonary Stenosis Prevalence Isolated…
Cardiovascular Involvement in Systemic Diseases
Many collagen, neuromuscular, endocrine, and other systemic diseases may have important cardiovascular manifestations. The involvement of the cardiovascular system usually becomes evident when the diagnosis of the primary disease is…
Pathophysiology of Cyanotic Congenital Heart Defects
Clinical Cyanosis Detection of Cyanosis Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an increased concentration of reduced hemoglobin to about 5 g/100 mL in…
Vascular Ring
Prevalence Vascular ring reportedly represents less than 1% of all congenital cardiovascular anomalies, but this may be an underestimate because some conditions are asymptomatic. Pathology Vascular ring refers to a…
Chamber Localization and Cardiac Malposition
In this chapter, clinical methods of locating cardiac chambers using chest radiography, electrocardiography (ECG), and echocardiography are discussed. This is followed by application of a principle that may aid in…
