Key Points • Integrative medicine, which blends standard Western and nontraditional medical practices, is used by 38% of adults and 12% of children in the United States. • Placebo responses,…
Key Points • A primary focus of CVD prevention is LDL-C and blood pressure lowering and improvement of other cardiometabolic risk factors. • Current dietary guidelines for chronic disease prevention…
Key Points • Heart failure prevalence continues to rise in the United States and is projected to become worse with aging of the population. • Recent therapeutic advances in heart…
Key Points • Atherogenesis and contributing factors may be conceptualized in steps, including initiation of endothelial activation and inflammation, promotion of foam cell formation, progression of complex plaques, and precipitation…
Key Points • The complete axis of the RAAS along with intracellular RAAS components, alternative pathways, the kallikrein-kinin system, plasma renin and prorenin, and prorenin receptors play a significant role…
Key Points • Early lesions of atherosclerosis begin in childhood and are related to antecedent CVD risk factors. Environmental factors such as diet, obesity, and exercise and certain inherited dyslipidemias…
Key Points • Reducing high blood pressure, an important and the most common cardiovascular risk factor, prevents or delays the onset of many types of cardiovascular disease. • Measurement of…
Key Points • Six randomized trials of aspirin therapy for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease have demonstrated a 12% relative reduction in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events….
Key Points • Risk estimation usually originates with observational studies of the incidence of coronary heart disease events over time. • Prediction of risk is dependent on accurate and precise…
Key Points • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and other countries, accounting for more than half of all deaths. The burden of…
