Key Points 1. Tachyarrhythmias result from one of three mechanisms (reentry, automaticity, and triggered activity), with reentry being the mechanism most commonly treated in the electrophysiology (EP) laboratory. 2. Anesthetic…
Key Points 1. With monitored anesthesia care, the stress response to surgery may not be adequately blocked, and the resulting tachycardia may aggravate the patient’s underlying cardiac disease. 2. A…
Key Points 1. Active fixation leads can penetrate through structures (e.g., the thin-walled right atrium) during placement and present as pain, pneumomediastinum, or effusions. 2. Active rate modulation in cardiac…
Key Points 1. Intraoperative hemodynamic instability may be associated with increased cardiovascular complications and represents one of the most common findings associated with mortality. 2. Phenylephrine can be used for…
Key Points 1. The portability, ease of use, and rapid diagnostic capability of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) make it the diagnostic modality of choice during acute hemodynamic instability. 2. Qualitative analysis…
Key Points 1. Excellent cardiac and hemodynamic management is essential to achieving good outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease, particularly those undergoing high-risk noncardiac surgery. 2. Much cardiovascular information can…
Key Points 1. Because of successes in treating congenital cardiac lesions, there are currently as many as or more adults than children with congenital heart disease (CHD). 2. Noncardiac anesthesiologists…
Key Points 1. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent placement is frequently performed, with a substantial number of patients requiring subsequent noncardiac surgery (NCS). 2. Three types of stents are…
Key Points 1. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disease with a high degree of morbidity and mortality for patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. 2. PH, although having several classification schemes,…
Key Points 1. Cardiac transplant is the definitive treatment of advanced heart failure and has demonstrated improving outcomes and long-term survival. 2. The transplanted heart receives no neural modulatory signal…
