Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
Regular exercise is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Physical activity in some developed countries has diminished for a variety of reasons as society has trended away from outdoor…
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Youth
Autopsy studies have demonstrated that atherosclerosis, the pathologic basis for coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular events, begins in childhood and is associated with the presence of modifiable and nonmodifiable cardiovascular…
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography: Diagnostic Imaging, Image Management, and Assessment of Physiology and Function
Introduction Noninvasive cardiovascular imaging plays a fundamental role in the clinical history of patients with congenital heart diseases (CHDs) and acquired cardiac conditions, from antenatal diagnosis to long-term follow-up in…
Pediatric Cardiovascular Data, Analysis, and Critical Appraisal of the Literature
Introduction In recent years the volume and variety of pediatric cardiovascular data captured across various sources have continued to expand. These datasets are increasingly being integrated and used for a…
Diagnostic Catheterization, Including Adults With Congenital Cardiac Disease
Introduction An understanding of the anatomy, physiology, and alternative treatment strategies for congenital heart defects is essential to provide the appropriate patient care. This includes an understanding of the guideline…
Surgical Techniques
Surgical Approaches to the Heart A variety of incisions are used in cardiac surgery. The majority of pediatric cardiac surgeries are performed through two incisions: the median sternotomy and the…
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
Introduction Appreciation of complex intracardiac anatomy and spatial relationships is inherent to the diagnosis of congenitally malformed hearts. Until recently, the ability of the clinician to image the heart by…
Prematurity and Cardiac Disease
On average, up to 12% of liveborn infants in the developed world are born prior to term. These rates have increased as a consequence of assisted reproductive technology and earlier…
Prevalence of Congenital Cardiac Disease
Introduction Examination of the frequency of congenital cardiac disease, either as a rate or as a proportion, has important implications for the study of congenital cardiac malformations, as well as…
Economic Implications of Congenital Heart Disease in Developed Countries
In developed countries, the last few decades have heralded many advances in the diagnosis and management of congenital heart disease (CHD). These include surgery in neonates and infants; the establishment…
