2 Electrocardiography
10.1055/b-0035-121497 2 Electrocardiography 2.1 Basics The “ECG” is one of the basic diagnostic tests in pediatric cardiology. The standard electrocardiogram (ECG) in childhood includes 12 leads: Bipolar limb leads (Einthoven…
1 Clinical History and Examination in Pediatric Cardiology
10.1055/b-0035-121496 1 Clinical History and Examination in Pediatric Cardiology 1.1 Basics Every pediatric cardiology evaluation starts with a thorough medical history and clinical examination. Because of the increasing number of…
7 Pediatric Exercise Testing
10.1055/b-0035-121502 7 Pediatric Exercise Testing 7.1 Exercise Test 7.1.1 Indications and Contraindications Indications Exercise tests in childhood are used primarily for detecting and evaluating cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial ischemia as…
9 Electrophysiology Studies
10.1055/b-0035-121504 9 Electrophysiology Studies 9.1 Basics An electrophysiological examination study (EPS) is an invasive procedure in which intracardiac potentials are recorded using catheter electrodes. The electrodes are inserted into the…
6 Nuclear Medicine in Pediatric Cardiology
10.1055/b-0035-121501 6 Nuclear Medicine in Pediatric Cardiology 6.1 Basics In nuclear medical examinations, radionuclides are introduced into human metabolism. Radionuclides are nucleotides that emit radioactive energy and undergo spontaneous transformation…
5 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography
10.1055/b-0035-121500 5 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography 5.1 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging 5.1.1 Basics Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a modern, noninvasive technique for obtaining cross-sectional images that…
Kidney Disease, Proteinuria: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk
Kidney Disease, Proteinuria: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk Hillel Sternlicht, MD George L. Bakris, MD Introduction Albumin is a protein produced by the liver with a half-life of 28 days and…
Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors, Coronary Heart Disease, Congestive Heart Failure, and Metabolic Cardiology
Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors, Coronary Heart Disease, Congestive Heart Failure, and Metabolic Cardiology Stephen T. Sinatra, MD, FACC, FACN, CNS Mark C. Houston, MD, MS, MSc, FACP, FAHA, FASH,…
Environmental Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease
Environmental Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease Joseph Pizzorno, ND Introduction The incidence of virtually every chronic disease in almost every age group has increased relentlessly the past half century. A growing…
Grounding and the Cardiovascular System
Grounding and the Cardiovascular System Steve Sinatra, MD In 1977, I became a board-certified cardiologist. After writing dozens of peer review articles, books, and chapters in medical text books over…
