The First Heart Sound
The First Heart Sound PRETEST 1. What produces the first heart sound (S1)? 2. What are the two basic components of S1? 3. Where is S1 heard best? 4. Describe…
Heart Sound Dynamics
Heart Sound Dynamics PRETEST 1. How do heart sounds originate? 2. Name the two basic heart sounds and the valves associated with each. 3. How many characteristics are used to…
The Heart and Auscultation
The Heart and Auscultation PRETEST 1. Where is the heart located in the chest, and what are the heart’s dimensions in the average adult? 2. What are systole and diastole?…
Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia
Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia This chapter will be divided into discrete sections: (a) definitions; (b) pathophysiologic substrates and mechanisms of tachycardias; and (c) electrophysiologic studies (EPS)—modes of initiation, response to stimulation,…
Catheter and Surgical Ablation in the Therapy of Arrhythmias
Catheter and Surgical Ablation in the Therapy of Arrhythmias Experience over the last decade has demonstrated that pharmacologic therapy for the management of paroxysmal ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias may not…
Preexcitation Syndromes
Preexcitation Syndromes Preexcitation exists when, in relation to atrial events, all or some part of the ventricular muscle is activated by the atrial impulse sooner than would be expected if…
Supraventricular Tachycardias
Supraventricular Tachycardias The development and refinement of the techniques of intracardiac recording and programmed stimulation, and our ability to compare these findings with experimental models, have resulted in a greater…
Evaluation of Antiarrhythmic Agents
Evaluation of Antiarrhythmic Agents The application of recording and stimulation techniques has made it possible to evaluate the electrophysiologic effects and preferential sites of action of the entire spectrum of…
Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation
Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation Atrial fibrillation and its cousin, atrial flutter (typical and atypical), are the most common arrhythmias with which we must deal clinically, yet they are the group…
Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances
Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances Intraventricular conduction disturbances are the result of abnormal activation of the ventricles. Normal ventricular activation requires the synchronized participation of the distal components of the atrioventricular (A-V)…
