Tracheal Resection and Reconstruction Alexander T. Hillel William Grist DEFINITION Tracheal resection is usually performed for the external excision of tracheal stenosis or hypertrophic scarring of the trachea with critical…
Tracheostomy: Endoscopic Sam T. Windham III DEFINITION Tracheostomy is defined as a procedure creating a communication between the trachea and the skin of the neck anteriorly. Tracheostomy is used as…
Cricothyroidotomy Sam T. Windham III DEFINITION Cricothyroidotomy is an emergency procedure to establish airway access when orotracheal intubation is not possible or attempts have failed. As cricothyroidotomy has a high…
Open Tracheostomy Sam T. Windham III John Christopher McAuliffe DEFINITION Tracheostomy is a procedure defined as the creation of a communication between the trachea and the skin of the neck…
Cardiovascular Emergencies Adult basic life support Basic life support (BLS) is the backbone of effective resuscitation following a cardiorespiratory arrest. The aim is to maintain adequate ventilation and circulation until…
Practical Procedures Arterial blood sampling An arterial blood sample is used to measure the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2), pH and bicarbonate/base excess levels, and haemoglobin (Hb)…
Arrhythmias The cardiac conduction system Cardiac action potential The resting cardiac myocyte is electrically negative, with a transmembrane voltage of between -50 mV and -95 mV. This is due to…
Cardiac Catheterization and Intervention Radiation protection in the catheterization laboratory All practitioners delivering ionizing radiation during medical procedures must attend a radiation protection course (IRMER, Ionising Radiation Medical Exposure Regulations…
Invasive Electrophysiology Abbreviations 0-9 3D three dimensional A ACT activated clotting time AD afterdepolarization AF atrial fibrillation AICD automated implantable cardioverter defibrillator AP accessory pathway ASD atrial septal defect ATP…
Congenital Heart Disease Introduction Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the commonest congenital defects, occurring in approximately 0.6-0.8% of newborns. i.e. there are about 5000 newborns with CHD each…
