The Cardiomyopathies 9.1 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Nejm 1994;331:1564 Cause: Dilated cardiomyopathy characterized by dilatation and impaired contraction of LV or both ventricles; may be idiopathic, familial/genetic, viral, immune, alcoholic, or toxic…
Valvular Heart Disease 8.1 Aortic Valve Disease J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1486 Cause: AS: Congenital—unicuspid (severe stenosis in infancy), bicuspid (AS in adulthood; AI if infectious endocarditis develops), or tricuspid…
Arrhythmias 7.1 Supraventricular Arrhythmias Nejm 2004;338:1369; 2001;344:1067; J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42: 1493; Circ 2003;107:1096; 2002;106:649 Cause: Mechanisms include increased automaticity of ectopic atrial focus (APC), triggered activity associated with…
Congestive Heart Failure 6.1 Acute Pulmonary Edema Nejm 2003;348:20; Circ 2001;104:2996 Cause: Acute MI; mitral stenosis; rupture of chordae, papillary muscle, or intraventricular septum; myocarditis; LV diastolic dysfunction; hypoalbuminemia; infectious…
Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease 5.1 Atherosclerosis Nejm 2005;352:1685; Circ 2004;109:SuppIII; 2001;104:365 Cause: This fatty streak develops by early adulthood. It is caused by oxidation of lipids trapped in the extracellular…
Cardiac Testing 4.1 Exercise Stress Testing Circ 2002;106:1883; J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1531 Indications Pts with intermediate pretest probability of CAD with normal EKG, RBBB, <1 mm resting ST depression…
Physical Examination 2.1 Examination of the Heart Inspection/Palpation Table 2.1 Physical Findings on Inspection/Palpation of the Chest Location Finding Aortic area (2nd RICS) Pulsation of aortic aneurysm Thrill from aortic…
Protocols for Emergency Treatment The following protocols represent the current ACLS guidelines published in Circ 2000;102:suppl I. Readers are strongly encouraged to study the comprehensive discussions of therapy that accompany…
Cardiac Rehabilitation Daniel E. Forman Cardiac rehabilitation is a dynamic and relevant component of the armamentarium for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) management. Because the inflammatory and biological underpinnings of atherosclerotic…
