11 Cardiac Murmurs
10.1055/b-0035-121506 11 Cardiac Murmurs A murmur can often be the most significant leading symptom of a congenital or acquired heart defect, but cardiac murmurs are also a harmless phenomenon in…
10 Cyanosis
10.1055/b-0035-121505 10 Cyanosis 10.1 Definition Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. It occurs when the hemoglobin is not adequately saturated with oxygen. Cyanosis becomes clinically…
4 Chest X-ray
10.1055/b-0035-121499 4 Chest X-ray 4.1 Basics Despite the availability of modern imaging methods, the chest X-ray remains an essential component of diagnostic measures in pediatric cardiology. An X-ray image provides…
2 Electrocardiography
10.1055/b-0035-121497 2 Electrocardiography 2.1 Basics The “ECG” is one of the basic diagnostic tests in pediatric cardiology. The standard electrocardiogram (ECG) in childhood includes 12 leads: Bipolar limb leads (Einthoven…
1 Clinical History and Examination in Pediatric Cardiology
10.1055/b-0035-121496 1 Clinical History and Examination in Pediatric Cardiology 1.1 Basics Every pediatric cardiology evaluation starts with a thorough medical history and clinical examination. Because of the increasing number of…
7 Pediatric Exercise Testing
10.1055/b-0035-121502 7 Pediatric Exercise Testing 7.1 Exercise Test 7.1.1 Indications and Contraindications Indications Exercise tests in childhood are used primarily for detecting and evaluating cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial ischemia as…
9 Electrophysiology Studies
10.1055/b-0035-121504 9 Electrophysiology Studies 9.1 Basics An electrophysiological examination study (EPS) is an invasive procedure in which intracardiac potentials are recorded using catheter electrodes. The electrodes are inserted into the…
6 Nuclear Medicine in Pediatric Cardiology
10.1055/b-0035-121501 6 Nuclear Medicine in Pediatric Cardiology 6.1 Basics In nuclear medical examinations, radionuclides are introduced into human metabolism. Radionuclides are nucleotides that emit radioactive energy and undergo spontaneous transformation…
5 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography
10.1055/b-0035-121500 5 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography 5.1 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging 5.1.1 Basics Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a modern, noninvasive technique for obtaining cross-sectional images that…
Kidney Disease, Proteinuria: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk
Kidney Disease, Proteinuria: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk Hillel Sternlicht, MD George L. Bakris, MD Introduction Albumin is a protein produced by the liver with a half-life of 28 days and…
