History of present illness A 61-year-old Caucasian man presented to the pulmonology outpatient clinic due to shortness of breath during exercise and nocturnal dyspnea. These symptoms had begun a few…
History of present illness A 73-year-old Caucasian man was referred to the respiratory unit complaining of worsening exertional dyspnea and productive cough, lasting for about 4 months. Following an acute…
History of present illness A 65-year-old man has been complaining of exertional dyspnea and dry cough for 2 years. During this period, he was treated with oral steroids, inhaled bronchodilators,…
History of present illness A 58-year-old man presented to the outpatient clinic complaining of cough and shortness of breath during exercise. These symptoms had begun about 1 year earlier and…
Introduction Myocardial ischemia, whether in the anesthesia, prebypass, immediate post–cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) settings, or early postoperative period in the intensive care unit (ICU), is stressful for the surgeon, medical and…
In recent years, coronary revascularization has been dominated by interventional cardiologists. Cardiac surgeons face new challenges as coronary revascularization becomes more complex. The definition of complexity is wide and includes…
Background By definition, hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) encompasses surgical coronary artery bypass, usually of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery with an in situ left internal mammary artery (LIMA)…
Introduction The most widely performed surgical coronary revascularization technique remains the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and reversed long saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass…
History of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery The history of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB) goes back to the early 1900s, when surgical procedures to treat angina and myocardial…
Introduction Despite complete revascularization using multiple arterial conduits and optimal myocardial protection, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients are still susceptible to recurrent MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events). Atherosclerotic changes…
