Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 20.1 General Considerations A single trunk, with just one group of semilunar valves, arises from the base of the heart….
Mitral Atresia and Hypoplastic Left Ventricle
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 18.1 General Considerations Hypoplastic left ventricle, also termed hypoplastic left heart syndrome, is often associated with a variety of deformities,…
Aneurysm of the Sinus of Valsalva
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 22.1 General Considerations The sinus of Valsalva is a structure that connects the aortic annulus and the aortic wall. Aortic…
The Conduction System of the Heart
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 6.1 General Considerations The conduction system of the heart, which provides the heart its automatic rhythmic beat, consists of cardiac…
Long Segment Reconstruction with Jejunum
INDICATIONS Patients who have acquired long segment esophageal discontinuity and lack stomach as a viable replacement conduit primarily have two options for reconstruction: jejunum and colon. The jejunum is uniquely…
Photodynamic Therapy, Lasers, and Cryotherapy for Esophageal Neoplasia
INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS The indications for PDT, laser and cryotherapy range from ablation of superficial early cancers in high-risk patients to palliative treatment of malignant dysphagia and bleeding from advanced esophageal cancer….
Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy
INDICATIONS The most common indication for an Ivor Lewis esophagectomy is middle-third esophageal squamous or adenocarcinoma Esophageal disorders requiring removal of most of the esophagus Distal esophageal tumors with proximal…
Minimally Invasive Approach to Resection of Thoracic and Epiphrenic Diverticula
INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS Indications for surgical intervention for esophageal diverticula include symptoms, large diverticula size, bleeding, and rarely cancer of the diverticulum (Avisar, 2000). Symptoms commonly include chest pain, dysphagia, and regurgitation…
Minimally Invasive Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy
INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS Many hybrid approaches have been reported in the pursuit of the ideal minimally invasive esophagectomy, but the main techniques include laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy, laparoscopic–thoracoscopic 3-hole (McKeown) esophagectomy, and laparoscopic—thoracoscopic…
En Bloc Esophagectomy
INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS The primary indication for surgical resection of esophageal cancer is for potential cure, which can be achieved in patients whose tumors are confined to the esophageal wall and when…
