Ion Inside (mM) Outside (mM) Na+ 20 145 K+ 150 4 Ca2+ 0.0001 2.5 Cl− 25 140 To understand how concentration gradients of ions across a cell membrane affect membrane…
Fig. 48.1 Mechanisms of proarrhythmia in comparison with normal cardiac action potentials illustrated, with alterations in the cardiac action potential noted by a dotted line. (a) Normal cardiac action potential,…
Fig. 56.1 Anatomy and surgical perspective of the tricuspid valve complex. The tricuspid valve consists of three leaflets: anterior (A), posterior (P), and septal (S). There are two main papillary…
Fig. 24.1 Drug-eluting stent structure composed of a metallic stent, a polymer-based drug delivery platform, and a pharmacologic agent. Various available platforms, polymers, and drug agents are described 24.2 DES…
Age category (years) 1988–1991 (%) 1999–2000 (%) 8–17 7.3a 9.7b 18–39 5.1 7.2 40–59 27 30.1 >60 57–9 65.4 From Refs. [2] and [3] aThese data were obtained from 1988…
5-HT2 subtype Distribution/function CNS Periphery Drug-induced hallucinogenic responses Liver, renal mesangium mitogenesis vasoactive (pulmonary/coronary vessels) Anxiety, behaviour, locomotion Adipocyte differentiation, platelet aggregation, enteric neurotransmitter Motor behaviour, anxiety, cerebrovascular tone Drug-induced…
Fig. 51.1 Left atrial appendage histology slide depicting thin wall between pectinate ridges. The LAA is a very thin-walled structure as depicted here; the tissue between the pectinate ridges is…
Athlete’s heart Hypertensive heart disease Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Cardiac amyloidosis Mitochondrial myopathy Mucopolysaccharidosis Anderson-Fabry disease Onset age Adolescence/adulthood Adulthood Adolescence/adulthood Adulthood Early childhood/adolescence Early childhood/adolescence Adulthood Clinical presentation No typical…
Risk factors OR PAR (%) Apo B/A1 3.2 49 Smoking 2.9 36 Psychological factors 2.7 33 Abdominal obesity 1.6 20 Hypertension 1.9 18 Diabetes mellitus 2.4 10 Fruits/vegetables 0.7 14…
Fig. 43.1 Illustration of the different components of drug adherence. Adherence to drug therapies includes several aspects following the prescription. It starts with the initiation of therapy (4–5 % of…
