Fig. 4.1 Scheme of autonomic innervation of the heart. The cardiac sympathetic ganglia consist of cervical ganglia, stellate ganglia, and thoracic ganglia. Parasympathetic innervation comes from the vagal nerve (Reproduced…
Fig. 7.1 Heart rate variability levels in patients with subsequent heart failure events (With permission from Ref. [10]) Subsequently, several novel HRV methods were introduced into device-based diagnostic packages, each…
Fig. 13.1 Percutaneous renal denervation procedure. Graphic of catheter tip in distal renal artery. Reproduced with permission from Ardian Inc [19]. 13.1 Functional Anatomy of the Renal Nerves The efferent…
Fig. 11.1 Neural interface approach to stimulate the vagal nerve. While monitoring heart rate through an implantable transmitter, a remote control system adjusted the intensity of electrical pulses of an…
Fig. 9.1 Age-associated ANS and heart signaling changes at a glance. The figure reports the main effects on the noradrenergic (a) and cholinergic (b) signaling during senescence. In the ANS,…
Fig. 6.1 A scheme of short- and long-term changes in NGF expression and nerve density in animal models of myocardial injury (Reproduced with permission from Govoni et al. [16]) 6.6…
Fig. 2.1 Progressive decrease of overall yearly mortality in successive heart failure (HF) trials, where beta-blockers (beta Bl) [12–14] and, later, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) [15] were tested. Notably, over…
Fig. 5.1 In physiological conditions, different opposing positive and negative feedback mechanisms, such as baroreceptors and vagal and sympathetic afferents, in addition to central integration, promote neural control of the…
Fig. 1.1 Pathogenesis of heart failure (Mann and Bristow [10]) However, it is important to recognize that this knowledge and understanding evolved over the past two to three decades. Early…
