Fig. 2.1 Normal mitral valve anatomy in a neonate. (a) Mitral valve. The posteromedial papillary muscle usually consists of multiple papillary muscle bundles. On the other hand, the anterolateral papillary…
Fig. 6.1 Schema of the three-element windkessel model During cardiac catheterization, simultaneous measurements of blood flow and pressure can be obtained by using a manometer-mounted pressure-flow wire in vivo, and…
Fig. 1.1 Spatio-temporal patterns in different excitable media. a Chemical waves in the two-dimensional Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. Waves originating from the lower left corner have been broken by disturbing the solution…
. Relative to the electric-field induced depolarization next to a straight boundary, electrotonic effects lead to an enhancement of the maximum tissue depolarization towards negative curvatures and a decline towards…
Figure 7–1. (a) Phases of a cardiac action potential and ion channel currents. (b) blocking effects of Lidocaine and Quinidine on action potential duration A number of classification systems of…
Figure 4–1. (a) Diagram illustrating the topography of the specialised conduction system (red) of the heart; (b) view of the right atrium: the sinus node is located at the root…
ST segment abnormalities in leads V1–V3 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 J-point ≥2 mm ≥2 mm ≥2 mm T-wave Negative or isoelectric Positive or biphasic Positive ST-T configuration…
Figure 20–1. Potential mechanisms of fibrillation. Fibrillation may be initiated by a rapidly discharging, spontaneously active, ectopic focus (a), a single high frequency rotor (b) or by multiple functional reentrant…
