Primary myocardial disease affects the heart muscle itself and is not associated with congenital, valvular, or coronary heart disease or systemic disorders. Cardiomyopathy has been classified into three types based…
I. Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery (Bland-White-Garland Syndrome, Alcapa Syndrome) A. Pathology and Pathophysiology The left coronary artery (LCA) arises abnormally from the main PA. Postnatal decrease in…
I. Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery (Bland-White-Garland Syndrome, Alcapa Syndrome) A. Pathology and Pathophysiology The left coronary artery (LCA) arises abnormally from the main PA. Postnatal decrease in…
I. Pulmonary Stenosis A. Prevalence Isolated PS occurs in 4% to 8% of all CHDs. B. Pathology and Pathophysiology 1. PS may be valvular (90%), subvalvular (infundibular), or supravalvular (i.e.,…
I. Echocardiography Echocardiography (echo) is an extremely useful noninvasive test used in the diagnosis and management of heart disease. An echo study currently begins with real-time two-dimensional echo (2D echo),…
Besides noninvasive imaging tools, there are other noninvasive investigational tools that are frequently used in the evaluation of cardiac patients. They include exercise stress testing, long-term ECG monitoring, and ambulatory…
There are two kinds of invasive procedures that are used in the practice of pediatric cardiology: diagnostic cardiac catheterization (including angiocardiography) and catheter intervention procedures (therapeutic cardiac catheterization). I. Cardiac…
Chest radiography was an essential part of cardiac evaluation before the echocardiographic (echo) studies became widely available to cardiologists. This simple test remains very useful to physicians who do not…
Introduction Angiographic procedures were first performed only months after Roentgen’s discovery of X-rays. Haschek and Lindenthal injected mercury salts into an amputated hand and created one of the first recorded…
Introduction The use of carotid artery stenting to treat carotid bifurcation stenosis remains a topic of recent investigation and vigorous debate regarding safety and efficacy. Multiple prospective randomized controlled trials…
