12 Chest Pain

Jun 13, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on 12 Chest Pain

10.1055/b-0035-121507 12 Chest Pain 12.1 Basics Epidemiology Patients who present with chest pain are more often children and adolescents between the ages of 12 and 14 years. Boys and girls…

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11 Cardiac Murmurs

Jun 13, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on 11 Cardiac Murmurs

10.1055/b-0035-121506 11 Cardiac Murmurs A murmur can often be the most significant leading symptom of a congenital or acquired heart defect, but cardiac murmurs are also a harmless phenomenon in…

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10 Cyanosis

Jun 13, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on 10 Cyanosis

10.1055/b-0035-121505 10 Cyanosis 10.1 Definition Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. It occurs when the hemoglobin is not adequately saturated with oxygen. Cyanosis becomes clinically…

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4 Chest X-ray

Jun 13, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on 4 Chest X-ray

10.1055/b-0035-121499 4 Chest X-ray 4.1 Basics Despite the availability of modern imaging methods, the chest X-ray remains an essential component of diagnostic measures in pediatric cardiology. An X-ray image provides…

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2 Electrocardiography

Jun 13, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on 2 Electrocardiography

10.1055/b-0035-121497 2 Electrocardiography 2.1 Basics The “ECG” is one of the basic diagnostic tests in pediatric cardiology. The standard electrocardiogram (ECG) in childhood includes 12 leads: Bipolar limb leads (Einthoven…

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1 Clinical History and Examination in Pediatric Cardiology

Jun 13, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on 1 Clinical History and Examination in Pediatric Cardiology

10.1055/b-0035-121496 1 Clinical History and Examination in Pediatric Cardiology 1.1 Basics Every pediatric cardiology evaluation starts with a thorough medical history and clinical examination. Because of the increasing number of…

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7 Pediatric Exercise Testing

Jun 13, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on 7 Pediatric Exercise Testing

10.1055/b-0035-121502 7 Pediatric Exercise Testing 7.1 Exercise Test 7.1.1 Indications and Contraindications Indications Exercise tests in childhood are used primarily for detecting and evaluating cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial ischemia as…

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9 Electrophysiology Studies

Jun 13, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on 9 Electrophysiology Studies

10.1055/b-0035-121504 9 Electrophysiology Studies 9.1 Basics An electrophysiological examination study (EPS) is an invasive procedure in which intracardiac potentials are recorded using catheter electrodes. The electrodes are inserted into the…

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6 Nuclear Medicine in Pediatric Cardiology

Jun 13, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on 6 Nuclear Medicine in Pediatric Cardiology

10.1055/b-0035-121501 6 Nuclear Medicine in Pediatric Cardiology 6.1 Basics In nuclear medical examinations, radionuclides are introduced into human metabolism. Radionuclides are nucleotides that emit radioactive energy and undergo spontaneous transformation…

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5 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography

Jun 13, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on 5 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography

10.1055/b-0035-121500 5 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography 5.1 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging 5.1.1 Basics Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a modern, noninvasive technique for obtaining cross-sectional images that…

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