Typical Atrial Flutter
Abstract The term typical atrial flutter (AFL) is reserved for a macroreentrant circuit with the activation wavefront rotating clockwise or counterclockwise around the tricuspid annulus and using the cavotricuspid isthmus…
Focal Atrial Tachycardia
Abstract Focal atrial tachycardia (AT) is characterized by atrial activation starting at a small area (focus), from which it spreads out centrifugally. “Focal” implies that the site of origin cannot…
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia
Abstract Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common form of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. The exact electroanatomic circuit responsible for AVNRT remains elusive. Current evidence suggests that dual atrioventricular…
Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia
Abstract Organized atrial tachycardias (ATs) are broadly categorized as either focal (centrifugal activation originating from a discrete site that incorporates automaticity, triggered activity, and microreentrant mechanisms) or macroreentrant (a relatively…
Atrioventricular Conduction Abnormalities
Abstract Atrioventricular (AV) block can be defined as a delay or interruption in the transmission of an impulse from the atria to the ventricles caused by an anatomical or functional…
Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia
Abstract Sinus tachycardia is a physiological response to sympathetic activation and/or parasympathetic withdrawal. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a nonparoxysmal tachyarrhythmia characterized by a persistent increase in resting sinus rate…
Intraventricular Conduction Abnormalities
Abstract Normally, the entire mass of ventricular myocardium is depolarized in about 80 to 100 milliseconds. The term intraventricular conduction disturbances (IVCDs) refers to abnormalities in the intraventricular propagation of…
Atrial Tachyarrhythmias in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
Abstract Cardiac arrhythmias are a common problem in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly after they have undergone reparative or palliative surgical procedures. Atrial tachyarrhythmias are the most prevalent,…
Advanced Mapping and Navigation Modalities
Abstract While conventional mapping techniques, guided by fluoroscopy, have been very successful in guiding mapping and ablation of stable arrhythmias with predictable anatomical locations or characteristics identifying endocardial electrograms, those…
Ablation Energy Sources
Abstract Radiofrequency (RF) is the most frequently used mode of ablation energy for most atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. A major limitation of standard RF ablation is the relatively small depth…
