Cardiomyopathies are structural or functional abnormalities of the myocardium not secondary to congenital, valvular, hypertensive, pulmonary, or coronary heart diseases. Cardiomyopathy has been classified into three types based on anatomic…
Prevalence Acute rheumatic fever is relatively uncommon in the United States but is a common cause of heart disease in less developed countries. However, in the past few decades, new…
This chapter discusses common left-to-right shunt lesions such as atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), endocardial cushion defect (ECD), and partial anomalous pulmonary venous…
Lesions that produce obstruction to ventricular outflow such as pulmonary stenosis (PS), aortic stenosis (AS), and coarctation of the aorta (COA) are discussed in this chapter. Pulmonary Stenosis Prevalence Isolated…
Many collagen, neuromuscular, endocrine, and other systemic diseases may have important cardiovascular manifestations. The involvement of the cardiovascular system usually becomes evident when the diagnosis of the primary disease is…
Clinical Cyanosis Detection of Cyanosis Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an increased concentration of reduced hemoglobin to about 5 g/100 mL in…
Prevalence Vascular ring reportedly represents less than 1% of all congenital cardiovascular anomalies, but this may be an underestimate because some conditions are asymptomatic. Pathology Vascular ring refers to a…
In this chapter, clinical methods of locating cardiac chambers using chest radiography, electrocardiography (ECG), and echocardiography are discussed. This is followed by application of a principle that may aid in…
In this chapter, congenital heart defects (CHDs) with a relatively low prevalence that have not been discussed previously are presented briefly. Aneurysm of the Sinus of Valsalva In aneurysm of…
Included in this chapter are infective endocarditis (IE), myocarditis, pericarditis, Lyme carditis, and postperfusion syndrome. Other conditions in which the cause is not well established but the host’s immune response…
