Cerebrovascular Disease
Raised blood pressure has been referred to as the crown jewel of stroke prevention, and blood pressure lowering has been the focus of substantial study in acute stroke and recurrent…
Transplant Hypertension
Hypertension is a common feature after solid organ transplantation, related to preexisting disease, the vascular effects of immunosuppressive medications, and in the setting of renal transplantation, the presence of acute…
Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by laboratory findings of a decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to less than 60 mL per minute per 1.73 m 2 or evidence…
Device Therapies
Hypertension remains an almost ubiquitous entity as a chronic disease around the world today. Its relevance lies in the fact that it is one of the most common risk factors…
Heart Failure
The burden of heart failure remains ever present with a long-standing, inexorable association with hypertension. Though advances in evidence-based medical therapy for reduced ejection fraction heart failure have led to…
Use of Combination Therapies
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease. Affecting up to 30% of the population,…
Hypertension in Ischemic Heart Disease
Hypertension and ischemic heart disease (IHD) are strongly related and the two co-occur frequently, particularly in aging populations. Both conditions cause or contribute to substantial disability and mortality worldwide and…
Central Sympathetic Agents and Direct Vasodilators
Mechanism of Action Central sympatholytics (e.g., methyldopa, guanabenz, guanfacine, clonidine, moxonidine, and rilmenidine) have a variety of antihypertensive actions that result in increased sodium excretion and decreases in the cardiac…
Approach to Difficult to Manage Primary Hypertension
Primary, formerly essential, hypertension accounts for about 90% of cases of hypertension. Reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with primary hypertension reduces the risk for cardiovascular (CV)…
