INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen This chapter discusses the use of the Doppler principle and the modified Bernoulli equation for the assessment of gradients and regurgitations caused by stenotic or insufficient…
CROSS-SECTIONAL NEONATAL CARDIAC ANATOMY Print Section Listen Cardiac anatomy is often taught on a heart excised from a cadaver, or on heart models that do not reflect the true spatial…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen This chapter discusses the use of M-mode (movement/motion mode) and its role in neonatal functional echocardiography, as well as common measurements obtained with two-dimensional (2D) imaging….
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Echocardiography utilizes ultrasound to produce images of the heart and vascular structures (using M-mode, two-dimensional [2D], and and three-dimensionall [3D] echocardiography) and to provide information about…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Ultrasound machines have greatly evolved during the last few decades. Bulky machines with limited capability have been transformed to much smaller units with enhanced capability of…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Echocardiography is the predominant noninvasive method of assessing cardiac structure and function. Although initially this technique resided exclusively in the domain of the cardiologist, more recently…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Infrapopliteal (IP) peripheral arterial disease (PAD) often occurs as part of multilevel atherosclerotic disease and is more commonly seen in patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus, patients…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Stenting for relief of stenosis in narrowed vessels is now common practice both in interventional cardiology and interventional radiology, with many options to choose from as…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen A 52-year-old man with hypertension for the past decade presented with poorly controlled blood pressure despite increasing doses of 4 antihypertensive medications including a diuretic,…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen A 75-year-old man with a past medical history of coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and atrial fibrillation presented with chronic postprandial abdominal pain and…
