PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen For centuries the surgeon’s chief training was in anatomy, almost to the exclusion of other aspects of the art. Only in the 20th century did the…
ANESTHESIA
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Anesthesiology as a special field of endeavor has made clear the many physiologic changes occurring in the patient during anesthesia. The pharmacologic effects of anesthetic agents…
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE Print Section Listen Asepsis, hemostasis, and gentleness to tissues are the bases of the surgeon’s art. Nevertheless, recent decades have shown a shift in emphasis from the attainment…
Musculoskeletal Trauma
SKELETAL TRAUMA IN CHILDREN: OVERVIEW Print Section Listen The concepts of skeletal system injuries in children are quite different from those of adults. Children at different stages of development have…
Congenital Heart Disease
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Print Section Listen The Primitive Heart During the first 20 days of development, the human embryo has no cardiovascular structures. However, very rapid and intricate…
Trauma and Surgery of the Spine
CERVICAL SPINE TRAUMA Print Section Listen About half of vertebral fractures and substantial ligamentous injuries of the spine in children occur in the cervical region. However, serious cervical spine injuries…
Developmental Abnormalities of the Urinary System
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT Print Section Listen Kidneys and Ureters The initial phase of embryonic kidney development is the interaction between 2 tissues that are derived from the intermediate mesoderm: the metanephrogenic…
Dysostoses and Developmental Deformities
DEFORMITIES OF THE CLAVICLE AND SHOULDER Print Section Listen Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Clavicle Idiopathic congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle refers to the presence of a fibrous tissue-filled gap within…
Desaturation and Cyanosis in the Newborn Infant without Congenital Heart Disease*
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The physical signs of cyanosis and decreased oxygen saturation are usually the result of hypoxemia, and can be found in newborn infants with a variety of…
Suspecting Congenital Heart Disease*
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Although prenatal detection of congenital heart defects (CHDs) is attempted during routine fetal ultrasonography, it is estimated that, at present, only 36% of CHDs are detected…
