Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural History of Tricuspid Regurgitation Luigi P. Badano, MD, PhD Karima Addetia, MD Denisa Muraru, MD, PhD With respect to heart valve diseases, until recently tricuspid valve regurgitation has received…
Introduction to Mitral Regurgitation Robert A. Levine, MD Echocardiography has provided the Rosetta stone for deciphering previously unknown dynamic mechanisms that are so critical to understanding pathophysiology, assessing prognosis, and guiding…
Protocol, Probe Insertion and Manipulation, Risks and Complications Elyse Foster, MD Atif N. Qasim, MD Protocol The following is a general protocol that describes all of the steps for performing transesophageal echocardiography…
Introduction to Aortic Regurgitation Issam A. Mikati, MD Robert O. Bonow, MD, MS Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a common form of valvular heart disease. It frequently develops in patients with bicuspid aortic…
Applications of Intracardiac Echocardiography Thomas Bartel, MD Silvana Müller, MD Angelo Biviano, MD Rebecca T. Hahn, MD Current percutaneous catheter–based procedures used to treat structural heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias require peri-interventional echocardiographic monitoring…
Hand-Carried Cardiac Ultrasound: Background, Instrumentation, and Technique Bruce J. Kimura, MD Background Despite the contributions of echocardiography to cardiac diagnosis over the past three decades, the recent development of hand-held ultrasound…
Epidemiology, Etiology, and Natural History of Tricuspid Regurgitation Luigi P. Badano, MD, PhD Karima Addetia, MD Denisa Muraru, MD, PhD With respect to heart valve diseases, until recently tricuspid valve regurgitation has received…
Transthoracic Echocardiography: Nomenclature and Standard Views Meagan M. Wasfy, MD Michael H. Picard, MD A compete transthoracic echocardiographic examination begins with scanning from the standard transducer positions ( Fig. 6.1 ): parasternal…
Intravascular Ultrasound: Instrumentation and Technique Vikrant Jagadeesan, MD Elizabeth M. Retzer, MD Sandeep Nathan, MD, MSc Conventional angiography remains the gold standard and the most widely used invasive modality for the diagnosis and…
Stress Echocardiography: Introduction Patricia A. Pellikka, MD In 1979 the use of cross-sectional echocardiography to detect reversible segmental dyssynergy during bicycle exercise was first described. Although the feasibility was limited, stress…
