Fig. 21.1 Principles of autofluorescence: green fluorescence is emitted by normal bronchial tissue when excited by blue light, cancer shows decreased green fluorescence due to increased epithelial thickness and vascularity…
Fig. 19.1 Linear EUS-FNA scope (Hitachi-Pentax FG 34 UX) with a convex linear array ultrasound transducer, sheet, and 22-gauge needle Esophageal ultrasound is performed in fasting patients lying in a…
Fig. 22.1 Principle of confocal microscopy using point illumination and pinhole detection Confocal microscopy that was initially used in gastroenterology utilized a miniaturized scan head located on the distal end…
Class 1 Nonsignificant Small < 10 mm thick on decubitus CXR No thoracentesis needed Class 2 Typical parapneumonic > 10 mm thick Glucose > 40 mg/dl, pH > 7.20 LDH…
Fig. 37.1 Chemical structure of porfimer sodium (a) Meso-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) is a highly active photosensitizer that requires a very low drug dose and is activated by light of wavelength of…
Fig. 39.1 Generic margin expansion to accommodate microscopic tumor extension beyond the radiographic borders of the tumor, errors that occur in daily patient positioning, and tumor movement secondary to respiratory…
Fig. 47.1 (a) Weblike postintubation stenosis with preserved cartilage. Laser resection may be successful; however, recurrence is likely to occur; (b) hourglass-like postintubation stenosis with destruction of all layers. Segmental…
Fig. 13.1 View of the larynx as provided by the 70 ° rigid scope Before the procedure, local anesthesia with tetracaine (Pontocaine) 2% or lidocaine 4% with addition of Adrenalin…
Fig. 30.1 (a) Dumon Y-Stent. (b) Dumon Y-Stent in the obstructed central airways Y-Shaped Hybrid Stents The Dynamic Y-Stent is an anatomically shaped bifurcation stent with an anterolateral silicone wall…
Fig. 18.1 Tip of the new convex probe endobronchial ultrasound (CP-EBUS, BF-UC160F-OL8, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The outer diameter of the insertion tube of the flexible bronchoscope is 6.2 mm. CP-EBUS…
