Aortic Sclerosis
Fig. 4.1 Aortic valve sclerosis is characteristically a soft, early to mid-systolic ejection murmur in the 2nd right interspace with a normally split S2 without a click The carotid pulses…
Palpitations
Figure 3.1 Classification of palpitations according to history and ECG findings. Abbreviations: SVT supraventricular tachycardia, AVNRT atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, AVRT atrioventricular reentry tachycardia, AT atrial tachycardia General Patient Approach…
Chest Pain
Category Syndrome Key features Cardiac Stable angina Precipitated by exertion/relieved by rest Acute coronary syndromes Sudden onset/duration >20 min. Associated with dyspnoea and autonomic symptoms Pericarditis Sharp, pleuritic. Relieved by…
Dyspnoea: Focus on Heart Failure
Figure 2.1 Differential diagnosis of dyspnoea. SOB shortness of breath Definition of Heart Failure Heart failure (HF) is a common clinical syndrome whereby the heart fails to meet the metabolic…
Systemic Hypertension
Clinic BP measurement Category Systolic Diastolic Optimal <120 <80 Normal 120–129 80–84 High-normal 130–139 85–89 Stage 1 hypertension 140–159 90–99 Stage 2 hypertension 160–179 100–109 Severe hypertension ≥180 ≥110…
In Vivo Experimental Assessment of Cardiac Function
Significant studies Combination of cardiovascular telemetry data collection with calorimetry studies allowed to determine metabolic rates in rodents [46] Combination of telemetric blood pressure measurement with flowprobes to simultaneously monitor…
Non Invasive Imaging Modalities for Cardiovascular Translational Research-Technical Considerations
Tracer Biologic target Blood flow 13N-ammonia Perfusion 82Rb Perfusion 15O-water Perfusion Metabolism 18F-FDG Glucose transport, glucose metabolism 11C-palmitate Fatty acid metabolism 11C-acetate Oxidative metabolism (TCA cycle turnover) Innervation 11C-hydroxyephedrine Presynaptic…
Basis of Cell Excitability and Cardiac Conduction System
Fig. 3.1 Schematic illustration of the principles governing the movement of ions through membranes. The membrane separating the two sides of the container is permeable to ion X+ but not…
Cardiovascular Applications of Non-invasive Imaging in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Bench to Bedside
Fig. 23.1 Selected molecular imaging targets in atherosclerosis. (a) PET-CT imaging of adhesion molecule expression in apoE/mice with the 18F -VCAM–1 ligand. (b) Gd-loaded microvesicles targeted to oxLDL macrophage receptor,…
