Thoracic Key

Fig. 2.1 Layers of the heart wall. Reprinted from Davies A and Scott A. Cardiac Anatomy and Electrophysiology. In: Starting to Read ECG. Springer. 2015 This hollow organ is divided…

Clinical classification (C): from 0 to 6  C0 No visible sign of venous disease  C1 Telangiectasies or reticular veins  C2 Varicose veins  C3 Edema  C4 Changes in skin and subcutaneous…

Fig. 17.1 Venous stasis ulcer : uneven edges, but well defined; granulation tissue on the wound bed; ocher dermatitis; edema Pain is a common symptom , but its intensity is…

Wagner classification 0 Ulcer absence standing high risk 1 Shallow ulcer 2 Deep ulcer, penetrating ligaments and muscles, but without bone involvement 3 Deep ulcer with cellulitis, abscess, or osteomyelitis…

Fig. 16.1 Layers of the dissected artery Epidemiology Aortic dissection is the main cause of death in acute aortic diseases, more frequent than ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms and traumas [1]….

Stages Characteristics Latent phase Presence of fluid accumulation and perilymphatic fibrosis without clinical edema Grade I Positive cacifo sign., edema reduces after limb elevation Grade II Negative Cacifo sign. Edema…

Signs  Symptoms  Tachypnea (≥20/min) 54 % Dyspnea (at rest or on exertion) 73 % Tachycardia (>100/min) 24 % Orthopnea 28 % Rales (crackles) 18 % Cough 34 % Decreased breath…

Fig. 4.1 Secondary hemostasis . Cell-based model representation of coagulation with three phases: initiation , amplification , and propagation , leading to the formation of fibrin. vWF: von Willebrand Factor…

Question Type of question Study design What are the benefits of this intervention and its relative safety? Treatment benefits and common and predicable harms Experimental studies: randomised controlled trials or…