Approach to Aortic Valve Disease
Fig. 5.1 A cartoon of the histology of the initial plaque of aortic stenosis is demonstrated. There is a remarkable similarity to the atherosclerotic plaque of coronary artery disease with…
Assessment of Primary Mitral Valve Disease: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, Medical and Surgical Therapy
Grade Definition Valve anatomy Valve hemodynamicsa Hemodynamic consequences Symptoms A At risk of MR • Mild mitral valve prolapse with normal coaptation • Mild valve thickening and leaflet restriction • No MR jet…
Approaches to Mitral Valve Repair and Replacement
Mechanism of MR and type of dysfunction Cause of mitral regurgitation (e.g., of lesion) Ischemic Nonischemic Organic/primary Type I • Infectious/endocarditis (perforation) • Degenerative (annular calcification) • Congenital (cleft leaflet) Type II Ruptured…
Aortic Valve Replacement
Absolute and relative contraindications for transcatheter aortic valve replacement Absolute contraindications Absence of a “heart team” and no cardiac surgery on the site Appropriateness of TAVI as an alternative to…
Pulmonic, and Mixed Valve Disease
Fig. 9.1 3 D TEE of a patient demonstrating impingement of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve (TV) by a defibrillator lead (arrow) as viewed from the atrial aspect…
Injury and Selected Disease Processes Causing Aortic Root and Aortic Valvular Inflammation
Fig. 4.1 Illustration and aortogram of an aneurysm of the ascending aorta. From Milewicz [5], reprinted with permission from Springer Nature Aortic valve insufficiency often occurs as the aorta dilates….
Heart Disease: Pathological Anatomy and Pathogenesis
Fig. 1.1 This aortic valve was formed with two rather than the usual three cusps. This congenital bicuspid valve is subject to abnormal mechanical factors often leading to fibrosis, calcification,…
and Practical Management of Real-World Valvular Heart Disease
Velocity (m/s) Mean gradient (mmHg) AVA (cm2) LV thickness (mm) 2010 2.6 14 1.7 9 2012 2.8 18 1.6 9 2014 3.0 24 1.4 9 2015 3.2 28 1.3…
Prosthesis
Mild Moderate Severe Aortic valve area (cm2) >1.5 1.0–1.5 <1.0 Mean pressure gradient (mmHg) <20 20–39 >40 According to the 2014 AHA/ACC guidelines, indications for aortic valve replacement (AVR)…
Endocarditis
Fig. 3.1 Early steps in bacterial valve colonization . (a) Colonization of damaged epithelium: exposed stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins trigger deposition of fibrin-platelet clots to which Streptococci bind…
