Thoracic Key

Fig. 10.1 A 3-D reconstruction from CT angiogram of the abdomen and pelvis 10.1.2 Angiography The majority of angiography is currently performed using digital subtraction. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) provides…

Fig. 8.1 Type B 3 fracture and primary total elbow replacement Fig. 8.2 Transcondylar humerus fracture (C2). Primary closed reduction and external fixator stabilization. Secondary open reduction and internal (anatomical)…

Fig. 7.1 Fractured L2 (A3.1). Posterior bisegmental instrumentation and L2 reduction by expandable cage Fig. 7.2 Fractured L1 (A3.2). Cement-augmented posterior stabilization, anterior subtotal corporectomy, and cage reconstruction Fig. 7.3…

Fig. 11.1 Left intrathoracic carotid artery secondary to gunshot wound The majority of carotid artery injuries are confined to the common carotid artery. According to the literature, the carotid artery…

Dysfunction Grade 0 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Pulmonary PaO2/FiO2 >250 250–200 200–100 <100 Renal creatinine (mg/dl) <1.8 1.8–2.5 2.5–5.0 >5 Hepatic total bilirubin (mgdl/l) <2 2–4 4–8 >8…

Fig. 5.1 Type C pelvic fracture to the left hemipelvis in a hemodynamically unstable 29-year-old man. Standard x-ray of the pelvis in the emergency room shows right sacral fracture, left…

Fig. 6.1 Occipitocervical dislocation following car accident. Hyperintense signal on T2-weighted MRI showing blood inside C0-C1 left (a) and right (b) joints. Frontal plane CT scan (c) showing increased distance…

High-energy blunt torso trauma Multiple torso penetrations Hemodynamic instability Presenting coagulopathy and/or hypothermia Major abdominal vascular injury with multiple visceral injuries Multifocal or multi-cavity exsanguination with visceral injuries Multiregional injury…